River Birch (Betula nigra)

River Birch

Betula nigra

Peeling cinnamon bark adds year-round textural beauty. Deciduous ornamental tree; common names: River Birch, Black Birch.

Full sun
1–2/week
Beginner
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Plant Needs

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Sunlight Full sun to partial shade; thrives in open, sunny locations and tolerates light shade in hot climates
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Watering Water deeply during prolonged dry spells; naturally tolerates periodic flooding and wet soil conditions
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Temperature Hardy to -30°C; adapts to cool and temperate climates, withstanding moderate summer heat
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Characteristics

  • Leaf: Diamond-shaped, serrated edges, medium green foliage turning bright yellow in autumn
  • Bark: Papery, peeling in cinnamon-brown to salmon-pink layered strips
  • Flower: Slender male catkins (drooping) and small upright female catkins
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Care Guide

Watering

Keep soil consistently moist for young trees; mature trees tolerate short droughts

Fertilization

Apply balanced slow-release fertilizer once in early spring. Avoid high-nitrogen fertilizers to prevent excessive foliar growth

Eggshell powder topdressing:Crush clean, dried eggshells into fine powder and mix into topsoil in spring; avoid overapplication to prevent pH elevation
Pruning
  • Remove dead, damaged, or crossing branches in late winter before new growth emerges
  • Thin crowded lower stems to improve airflow and highlight peeling bark texture
  • Avoid heavy pruning; maintain the tree's natural multi-stemmed form
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Toxicity

Warning: this plant may be toxic.

Pets & Humans

Pets: ASPCA-verified non-toxic; safe for cats with no known toxic compounds

Humans: Non-toxic to humans; no known adverse health effects from ingestion or contact

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Garden Uses & Culture

Culture: Symbolizes renewal and adaptability; valued in landscape design for wetland restoration

Usage: Ornamental shade tree; erosion control along riverbanks and wetland edges