New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax)

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Sunlight Full sun to partial shade; tolerates coastal wind and salt spray for outdoor cultivation

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Watering Water deeply when the top 5–7 cm of soil dries out; drought-tolerant once established

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Temperature Hardy to -5°C; avoid prolonged heavy frost; tolerates high summer heat

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Leaf: Long, rigid sword-shaped leaves (1–3 m long) in tight clumps; colors range from deep green to bronze or variegated
Flower: Tall, upright panicles (up to 4 m tall) bearing tubular red, orange, or yellow flowers
Stem: Thick, fleshy underground rhizomes anchor clumps; no visible aboveground stems

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Watering

Keep soil evenly moist during active growth periods

Fertilization

Apply diluted balanced liquid fertilizer once monthly. Avoid high-nitrogen fertilizers to prevent weak, floppy leaf growth

Eggshell powder topdress：Crush dried eggshells into fine powder; sprinkle 1–2 tbsp around the base of clumps; water lightly to incorporate into soil

Pruning

Remove brown, damaged leaves at the base to maintain a tidy clump shape
Cut back spent flower stalks to ground level after blooming to redirect energy to foliage growth
Divide overcrowded clumps in early spring to promote healthy new growth

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Warning: this plant may be toxic.

Pets & Humans

Pets: ASPCA: Non-toxic; no adverse effects reported

Humans: No known toxic effects from ingestion or contact

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Culture: Symbolizes resilience in Māori culture; traditionally used for weaving

Usage: Ornamental landscape plant; fiber production for textiles and crafts