Common Sow Thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)

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Sunlight Full sun to partial shade; tolerates compacted, low-fertility disturbed soils

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Watering Water deeply when the top 2 cm of soil dries out; drought-tolerant once established

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Temperature Hardy to light frost; thrives in temperate to warm growing conditions

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Leaf: Lobed, spiny-margined basal and stem leaves that exude milky sap when broken
Flower: Bright yellow composite flower heads resembling dandelions, 2–3 cm in diameter
Stem: Hollow, succulent green stems that release white latex when cut

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Watering

Keep soil evenly moist during active vegetative growth

Fertilization

Optional diluted compost tea application once monthly. Excess fertilizer may promote leggy, weak stem growth

Composted banana peel tea：Steep fully composted banana peels in water for 24 hours; dilute 1:20 for root drench to support flower production

Pruning

Remove spent flower heads to prevent widespread self-seeding in managed garden spaces
Trim leggy stems in early summer to encourage bushier, more compact growth
Clear dead foliage in autumn to reduce overwintering pest and disease habitat

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Warning: this plant may be toxic.

Pets & Humans

Pets: ASPCA: Non-toxic; safe for cats to ingest in small amounts

Humans: Young leaves are edible for humans; no known toxic effects when consumed in moderate quantities

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Culture: N/A

Usage: Edible young leaves for salads; forage for livestock; pollinator support for bees and butterflies